The cause and effect relation of Groupthink and Sunk Cost in Virtual Connection
GROUPTHINK
When we talk about the collaboration, especially the Virtual Connection with each other, the first idea that comes to my mind is that how can we make the communication and discussion. As the Professor Yu asked, we cannot make the conversation face to face.Then the second problem is how to negotiate with others. However, the groupthink is what we may find in communication. Then firstly we have a general introduction of the groupthink.
Groupthink in group decision-making phenomenon, is a very common concept in group decision-making literature refers to such situations, groups herd pressure groups unusual minority or unpopular point of view was not an objective evaluation, that is, when people need to seek the concurrence of more than a reasonable evaluation of alternatives need demonstrated by the mode of thinking. Groupthink is a disease that hurt many groups, it will seriously damage the group performance. In other words: in groups to express their views on a particular topic or issue proposed, sometimes a long time in the collective silence, no one to talk about it, then people will unanimously adopted.
Like in our team, there is also the phenomenon that nobody once talked at the very beginning of the virtual connection. As for me , I become quite modest when the first contact with the morning team. I even don’t talk about my idea even they provide me the chance that I can express my opinion. However, I have to say that the Internet connection has its limitation. We cannot make the everyone online and sometimes we even don’t want to talk about the agreement for the absent people may think it’s unfair to him. Actually there must be someone who is absent from the conversation online every time we meet. Considering the situation, we think it really low efficiency.
Usually those who have the authority to speak of self-confidence, like the idea of expressing an opinion on the main members of the organization are more likely to be accepted, but in fact most people are not in favor of this proposal. The reason for this, because of the pressure of the consensus of the group members feel the group norm requirements, reluctant to express different views. When the self-concept of speculative and moral judgment will be affected decline. Group decision made in this case, the failure of the decision-making are often unreasonable. When an organization is too much emphasis on the integrity of a critical attitude, and can not be held to evaluate the decision-making and assumptions, this situation occurs.
However, in our group we don’t have the absolute leader. Actually in our inner group, I believe there is a group leader. But when connecting with the other group, nobody claimed that he or she wants to be the leader. Even anyone who wants to be the leader, the other group will be unhappy about that. This kind of situation gave us a dilemma that we don’t know what to do.
GROUPSHIFT
Another phenomenon is group transfer (groupshift), it refers to such a situation, discuss the options for the decision-making process, group members tend to exaggerate their initial position or point of view. In some cases, cautious prevail, a conservative transfer. However, in most cases, the groups are easily transferred to the adventure.
If we don’t have the clear leader, the situation will be become quite blur. We can express our opinion freely and after the expressing period, especially when we want to come to the final conclusion or something like that, we find that it is really difficult for whatever you say people in the other group just tried to hang in there on their opinion and persuade. Sometimes arguments is necessary, but we seem to have no end. It’s annoying that we waste our time and quarrel makes everyone unhappy.
Initial groupthink theory is put forward in 1972 by Janis and further expansion in 1977 and 1982. Through the implementation of problem-solving task group behavior observed in 1972, he made a series of assumptions, and these assumptions consolidated called groupthink. Subsequently, Janis use of the concept of groupthink explains the history of the United States failed high-level political and military decision-making event, such as the 1960s, the Vietnam War, Nixon's Watergate.
Prevent or reduce groupthink is an effective way to designate a member of the group decision specifically questioned the argument of others, challenge the logic of others, and provides a series of constructive criticism. This method ensures that when a group decision-making rational, clear thinking. Other measures to prevent groupthink include turns the introduction of new members to invite outsiders to participate, a pause before the final decision to the members of the last opportunity to identify and speak their reservations.
CHARACTERISTIC
After the brief introduction of the groupthink, we may think the collaboration in both inner group and intergroup have the groupthink phenomenon. The groupthink phenomenon of a variety of symptoms:
1. The group members rationalize any objections they have to make assumptions. No matter how strongly the fact that conflict with their basic assumptions, the behavior of members continue to strengthen this assumption.
2. For those who suspect that from time to time groups of shared perspectives, or suspect that we believe in the argument, members of the group imposed on them by direct pressure.
3. Those skeptical or different views, often remain silent, or even reduce the importance of their own views, to try to avoid inconsistent with the groups view.
4. If there is a meeting undoubtedly illusion, if a person to remain silent, we tend to think he's in favor. In other words, the absence is seen as in favor.
CASE STUDY
The study of the history of U.S. foreign policy decision-making process, the unsuccessful government decision-making, these symptoms can be seen everywhere, unprepared attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. invasion of North Korea, did the pig Luowan invasion and Vietnam event of war. It is particularly important to see less than groupthink in group decision-making process of the successful policies of these four characteristics, such as the Cuban missile crisis and the formation of the Marshall Plan.
The US example is just a common case, however when we are talking about the Virtual Connection, we find the talk online is so low efficiency. For everyone is talking about the mind of their own. It is a common phenomenon that I keep talk about my mind and you keep talk about your mind. The more time we spend, the more we find that we cannot stand that we are ignored for we spend more time than we can bear. Then the situation becomes worse and worse.
LORD AWARENESS
However, our failure in communication is because of the lord awareness. This is not our invention. It has existed for a long period of time. A successful career, managers more and more opinionated, all major decisions by business leaders to make their own strong subjectivity and arbitrariness. A strong corporate parents give their entrepreneurial and brilliant, however, unique personal characteristics of the management style is difficult to institutionalize and re-copied. Entrepreneurs came from the bottom of the heart somewhat revenge or psychological compensation; the political aspirations setback put their own business as a hypothetical political arena. In fact, private entrepreneurs in this awareness, a lot of their origin. Especially for the first generation of entrepreneurs.
However in that case, the lord awareness is what we feel hard to obtain. This situation is quite severe between the two groups of the evening and morning. We may see that if one can make the decision that everybody is quite satisfied with, or even we are not satisfied, but because of his success we have to be consistent with him or her. The situation will be quite different.
SUNK COST
Sunk costs of past decisions have already taken place, and not by the cost of any present or future decision-making changes. People to decide whether to do something, not only look at it for their own benefits, but also look at the past is not on this matter had invested. These irrecoverable expenditure has occurred, such as time, money, effort, known as "sunk costs" (Sunk Cost). In economics and business decision-making process will use the concept of "sunk costs" (Sunk cost), on behalf of that already paid and not recoverable cost. Sunk costs is often used to compare and variable costs, variable costs can be changed, and sunk costs can not be changed.
The Suck costs in our talking is really common. The irrecoverable expenditure just like the definition describes we spend the time, money and effort, but somehow we don’t come to the result we want to see. The fact is that we have to do this thing again because of the unsuccessful. Regarding of the time and effort we spend , we become afraid of doing the Virtual Connection for we are aware of the failure again. So we just are absent from the discussion and feel unwilling to positive response with others which makes the situation quite complicated.
Sunk costs is one of the most intractable problems of economic circles, handled properly can easily lead to both misunderstanding: do not dare put into the "sunk cost" afraid to having no benefit output; too sentimentally attached to the "sunk cost" to continue the original error, resulting in greater losses.
The groupthink phenomenon seems Asch comparison segment the conclusion of the experiment exactly the same. If the personal point of view and in the view of most of the members of the group controlling position inconsistent group pressure, he may succumb to, to retreat or correct their true feelings or beliefs.
As a group, we will find that consistent with the group, which has become an active part of the group, the more favorable for us than to become a distraction forces, even if such interference is necessary for improving the effect of group decision-making.
All groups are vulnerable to groupthink the harm? Turns out, is not the case. We can focus on the three mediating variables: group cohesion, the behavior of the group leader, isolation and external personnel. But the findings were inconsistent. At this point, we finally make the most effective conclusion:
(1) strong cohesion within the group to discuss more, can bring more information, but this group does not encourage group members to raise objections, it is difficult to determine;
(2) If the community leaders impartial group members are encouraged to put forward their views, the members of the group will propose the solution to the problem, and more discussions;
(3) community leaders early in the discussion, you should avoid showing preference for some programs, because it would limit the members of the group on this issue critical comments. Groups such programs are likely to be as a final option;
(4) the group isolation with the outside world make internal can reduce and evaluation of different scenarios.
Applying the Groupthink mind to the example of the Virtual Connection will give us the estimation on how to balance the perspiration and payment. But if there is not a strong leader that illustrated clearly of the cooperative relationship and the responsibility of every member, the Groupthink will absolutely have some bad effect on our Virtual Connection.
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